Machine for displaying advertising



Nov. 17, 1931. 'r. s. s. WAGNER MACHINE FOR DISPLAYING ADVERTISING FiledAug. 6, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet l Nov. 17, 1931. T. s. s. WAGNER MACHINE FORDISPLAYING ADVERTISING 4 Sheets-Sheet Filed Aug. 6, 1930 Nov. 17, 1931.T, 's, s, WAGNER 1,832,336

MACHINE FOR DISPLAYING ADVERTISING Filed Aug. 6, 19:50 4 Sheets-Sheet sNOV. 17, 1931. v T, s, s WAGNER 1,832,336

MACHINE FOR DISPLAYING ADVERTISING Filed Aug. 6, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 4Patented Nov. 17, 1931 UNITED s'r'ras THOMAS S. S. \VAGNER, OF GARDENA,CALIFORNIA MACHINE FOR DISPLAYING ADVERTISING- Application filed August6, 1930. Serial No. 473,470.

My invention relates to a machine for displaying advertising of thegeneral type of my Patent 1,747 ,746, February 18, 1930. In this presentinvention I have a plurality of '5 arms mounted on the same verticalpintle,

which arms are stacked together in the form of a pack when in theextreme positions of movement, and each arm supports an advertising cardso that the machine is designed to swing the arms in the arc of a circlefrom the initial to a terminal position and thus expose both sides ofthe cards. After the complete pack or stack of arms with the de pendingcards have been shifted to the terminal position the arms as a stack orgroup are returned to the initial position in the single operation.

In a machine of this type an object of my present invention is tosimplify the mechanism of that disclosed in my patent above mentioned tomake this more compact and to shift the arms with a less number ofmoving parts. i g I In this connection a further object of my inventionis to employ a pair of beams each rotated by a separate gear on thepivot shaft carrying the arms; one of these beams being used to shifteach of'the arms in succession from an upper to alower from an initialto a terminal position until these have all been shifted, and the otherbeam being used to return the complete stack of housed arms from theterminal to the initial position. In. this operation a still furtherobject of my invention is to oscillate both of the beams in he movementof shifting the individual arms from the initial to the terminalposition and in the return movement of the beams, but to have the returnmovement beam, operate idly on its return stroke until the completestack of arms have been shifted from the initial to the terminalposition. In this connection a detail feature and object of my invention is the employment of a cam structure on the last individual arm tobe shifted, this cam operating a detent which, when actuated by the cam,shifts into position to engage the.

return movement beam so that this beam on its return action carries thewhole stack to.

movement of the beams a further object and detail feature of myinvention is operating these through a gear system whereby the forwardlyshifting beam operates through a lesser arc than the return movementbeam, and both of such beams being controlled by a single cam through adifferent system of gear drive. V

In connection'with the gear drive to the beams for shifting the arms afurther object and feature of my invention is the driving of a cam by anelectric motor, and this cam being utilized to operate a rack in alongitudinal motion. This rackhas two gears thereon each driving apinion, one pinion being mounted on the vertical pivot shaft carryingthe shiftable arms, and such pinion having the beam for forwardlyshifting the arms attached thereto. The rack also drives through thesecond pinion and gear train which actuates the return movement beam,thereby simplifying the driving mechanism. A further detail objectandfeature of my invention is in utilizing a. secondary cam rotated froma main drive shaft which rotates with the main cam, and such secondarycam is utilizedto raise and lower the beam forwardly shifting the armsto lift this over the stack of arms on its return movement.

My invention is illustrated in connection with the accompanying drawingsin which: Fig. l is a plan taken in the direction of the arrow 1 of Fig.2 showing the stack of arms in the initial position.

. Fig. 2 is a front elevation taken in the direction of the arrow 2 ofFig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 1 with one of the arms moved to theterminal position. Fig. 4 is an elevation of Fig. 3 in the directionofthe arrow 4. s

Fig. 5 is a plan similar to Fig. 3 with the beams in the position forshifting a second arm in a forward direction.

Fig. 6 is a side elevation taken in the direction of the arrow 6 of Fig.5.

Fig. 7 is a horizontal section on the line 77 of Fig. 8 in the directionof the arrows. .Fig. 8 is avertical section on the line 8-8 of Fig. 7 inthe direction of the arrows.

Fig. 9 is a detail, vertical section on the Too line 9-9 of Fig. i inthe direction of the arrows.

Fig. 10 is a detail. vertical section on the line 101O of Fig. 5 in thedirection of the arrows.

Fig. 11 is a detail, vertical section on the line 1111 of Fig. 5 in thedirection of the arrows.

Fig. 12 is a plan view similar to Fig. 3 with two of the arms moved tothe terminal position.

In my invention I utilize a suitable supporting table 11 having 12 orthe like, and extending upwardly from this table there is a verticalpivot shaft 13 which is illustrated as having a bottom thrust hearinglei secured to the top of the table adjacent one edge, and at the tophas a journal yoke 15 which is secured to a transverse bar 16 supportedon lateral posts 17, these posts being connected to the marginalportions of the table adjacent the front. An arcuate track 18 is securedto the posts 17 and has a vertical web 19 with a horizontal outstandingflange 20. Such track is formed, n'eferably, of a T-shaped iron bentinto a semicircle.

The stack of arms designated at 21 is builtup of a plurality of hadidual arms. each having the inner end. horizontal as indicatec at 22 andthe outer end vertical as indicated at 23, with an intermediate quarterbend 2%. These arms have perforations 25 through the center and areloosely mounted on the pivot' shaft 13. Each of the arms bears on theupper edge 26 of the web 19 of the track 18, and each arm is utilized tosuspend an advertising card 27.

For purposes of convenience the side of the machine at which the armsare stacked prior to individual movement is designated the initial side28 and the opposite side to which the arms are moved and again formedinto a pack or stack is designated the terminal. side 29.

. lVhen the arms are stacked, for instance, at the initial position. therearwardmost arm is also the lowest on the vertical shaft and theforwardmost arm is the uppermost. The rear arm has an angle bracket 30secured thereto, this bracket having a horizontal flange 31 whichextends underneath the complete pack of arms and is provided with asocket having a ball 32 therein, this ball hearing on the horizontalflange 20 of the track 18. The forwardmost arm has a plate 33 securedthereto and on this plate there is a pivot detent designated 3%. Thisdetent is in the form of a bell crank and is pivoted at 35, having aweighted end 36 and a downwardly projecting end 37. A cam plate 38 issecured to the rearwardmost arm when at the initial position, this camplate having a vertical flange 39 secured to the back of such arm and ahorizontal flange 4.0, this horizontal flange having a cam edge 4&1. Thecam edge engages the downwardly projecting end 37 of the detent 3i andholds this in a vertical position as illustrated in Figs. 7, and 8, butwhen the first arm is moved by the mechanism hereinunder detailed fromthe initial to the terminal position the detent is allowed to tilt tothe position indicated in Fig. -i.

The forward motion to the arms is given by the forwardly shifting beamwhich designated at 42. This arm has a perforation 43 on its inner endand is secured to an elongated pinion l the pinion and beam be" ingfreely rotatable on the vertical pivot shaft 13. This beam has adownwardly turned finger 45, such linger having a rabbet -16 at thelower edge, the rabbet being adapted to the upper rear corner of theuppermost arm, which arm will be the forwardmost of the stack.

The drive mechanism for operating the pinion 4% comprises an electricmotor operating a worm $8 on a worm shaft 4!). This worm operates a wormgear secured to a vertical shaft 51 which is illustrated as ha ving asocket bottom bearing (note Fig. (3). A cam 53 is mounted on the upperportion of this shaft and this cam has a channel-shapcd cam track Oneportion of this track is circular and of a large diameter. the oppositeend 56 of the track is of a smaller diameter. and there are straightsections 57.

A rack bar 58 has a roller 59 secured theretm this roller operating inthe cam track. The rack has a sliding bearing in a bracket 60 and has aseries of teeth 61 engaging the pinion 44. On rotation, therefore. ofthe cam, the rack is reciprocated and actuates the pinion 44; inopposite directions, thus moving the forwardly shifting beam 4-2 in anoscillating motion.

It is necessary to raise and lower this beam in this oscillating motionand this is done by providing a flange 62 on the upper part of thepinion 44. which flange is en gagged by a roller 63 on a pivotallymounted lever 6%, this lever having a pivot on a bracket 65 dependingfrom the transverse bar 16. The opposite end of this beam has a roller 6which engages a cam 67 :arried by a horizontal cam shaft 68. this shaftbeing journaled in a front bracket 69 secured to the bar 16 and to arear bracket 70 secured to the table of the machine. The cam shaft has abeveled gear 71 which meshes with a beveled gear 72 on a horizontaldrive shaft 73. which latter has a bearing bracket 7i extending =,Dwardly from the table. and a second bearii a; 75 in a large bracket 76extending upwardly from the table. There is a beveled drive 77 from thevertical shaft 51 to the shaft 73 and. hence. to the cam shaft 68,actuating the cam 67. This cam in its motion is so designed thatitlowers the beam 42 when this is in thrinitial position of. Figs. 1-and2 for carrying the arms in a forward direction, in which case, asabove mentioned, the rabbet 46 engages the horizontal portion of theforwardmost arm, and as the beam is oscillated it carries this arm tothe terminal position, the armsliding on the upper edge of the track. Onthe return movement of the arm 42 the cam operates to raise the pinion44 and, hence, thefingcr 45, so that this will clear the pack of arms atthe initial position on the return stroke. By this construction thisforwardly feeding beam 42 shifts each arm of the stack in successionfrom the initial to the terminal position. 7 The mechanism for returningthe stack or pack ofarms comprises a return motion means 78. This isillustrated as being secured to the pivot shaft 13 by a key 7 9; andthere being a driving gear '80 also keyed to this shaft. However, ifdesired, the gear may be loose on the shaft with the beam 78 connectedthereto. This beam has an upwardly eXtending finger 81 at its outer end.This finger clears the underside ofthe stack of arms but the lower part37 of the detent 34 is in the path of movement of this arm when suchdetent has this portion vertical as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 8. Whenthe detent is tilted, as illustrated in Fig. 4, the finger 81 does'notengage such detent. i i The motion is conveyed to'the return shiftingbeam 78 by means of rack teeth 82 on the rack bar 58, theseteeth-driving apinion 83 on a vertical shaft 84. Such shaft is gear andthis causes the oscillation of such gear and of the return motion beam78. A feature of the mot on of this 'beainls that it is through agreater arc than. the motion of the forwardly shifting beam, and itmoves,

past the stack of beams at the terminal position, as illustrated inFigs.3 and 7.

stack of arms are at the initial position the projecting end 37 of thedetent 34 is held vertically by the cam 38 but when the first arm isoscillated from the initial to the terminal position this detent mayswing into the tilted position of Fig. 4 and thus the finger 81 of thebeam 7 8 may swing past and underneath the various arms as they build upthe pack at the terminal position.- However, when the rearwardmost orlast arm is moved, this arm having the cam 38, this cam shifts thedetent, bringing the projecting end 37 vertically so that when thereturn motion beam 78 starts on its motion from the ter minal to theinitial position the finger engages the projection 37 and moves thewhole stack or pack of arms from the terminal to the initial position.

The machiue'proivides sufiicieuttime for the advertising on the last twocards to be read'in that the return motion beam and the forward feedingmotion beam make a complete oscillation cycle after the last arm hasbeen shifted to the terminal position, and for this purpose the nose orleading edge 45A of the finger 45 extends a considerable distanceforwardly of the end of the rabbet 46 on the lower edge of this finger,and when each arm in succession is moved to the terminal position it isonly carried as far as it will be moved by the engaging edge of therabbet. This leaves each arm at the terminal position in the locationindicated in full lines in Figs. 3, 5, and 7, and as the forwardmovement beam carries succeeding arms the nose 45A shifts these from thedotted line position of Fig. 7 or the full line position of Figs. 3 and5 to the full line position of Fig. 7,0r-to the final position indicatedby the first arm moved in Fig. 12.

Thus, after all of the arms have been carried over from the initial tothe terminal position, the last arm to be moved is left spaced from thegroup of arms as indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 7 so that the camdoes not act on the bell crank detent and, thus, the return motion beamcan swing another oscillation, and it is only when the forward motionbeammoves from the initial to the teronto a raised edge 26B of the upperedge of i the arcuate track (note Fig. 11) Therefore, when the singletrack or carriage 30 is shifted by the movement of the last arm to bemoved from the initial to the terminal posij tion, this carriage isreadily thrust under- As above mentioned, when the complete neath thestack of arms, the elevation 26B being slightly above that of the edge26 of the track. hen the carriage 30 is returned to the initial positionthere is a slight depression 32A in the flange 20 of the track whichdetent on the leading arm and will have no effect in holding this armback. 7

Various changes may be made in the details of construction withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined by theappended claims. I

IOU

I claiin:

1. A display machine comprising in combination a stack of arms eachadapted to support advertising matter and arranged to oscillate on apivot, a pair only of shifting beams, means to oscillate said beams inpart of a circle, means to engage one of said beams with each arm insuccession to move such arm from an initial to a terminal position, andafter all of the said arms have been moved to said terminal position,means operative to engage the other beam to return the stack of armsfrom the terminal to the initial position.

A display machine as claimed in claim 1, the said beams moving in anoscillation on the same pivot and at the same time, and means to movethe return motion beam in a greater are of a circle.

3. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot having aplurality of arms pivoted thereon, said arms being adapted to supportadvertising matter and arranged in the form of a stack, a single forwardand a single return motion beam mounted on the same pivot, means tooscillate said beams, means to inter-engage the forward motion beam witheach arm in succession to move such arm from an initial to a terminalposition in the arc of a circle,

means to substantially simultaneously oscillate the return motion beam,means connected to the stack to permit free oscillation of the returnmotion beam during such oscillations of the forward motion beam from thestack of arms until the complete stack have been shifted from theinitial to the terminal position, the said means connected to the stackcausing an interengagement of the return motion beam with the stack ofarms on its reverse motion to return the stack of arms from the terminalto the initial position.

a. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot having astack of arms pivoted thereon to swing in a horizontal plane and eachadapted to carry advertising matter, a single forward and a singlereturn motion beam oscillatable on the same pivot, means to interengagethe forward moving beam with each arm in succession starting with theforwardmost arm to shift such arm from an initial to a terminalposition, means to elevate such arm over the stack on its return motion,means to oscillate the return motion beam at substantially the same timeas the forward motion beam, and means conneeted to the stack operativeto interengage the stack of arms and the return motion beam only aftersuch stack have been all moved from the initial to the terminalposition, said return motion beam in its return shifting the saidStilt'l from the terminal to the initial position.

5. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot shafthaving a stack late the return motion beam, and means mounted on one ofthe arms to interconnect the return motion beam and the stack of arms toreturn such stack from the terminal to the initial position only afterthe complete stack have been positioned at the said terminal position.

6. A display machine comprising in combination a stack of arms eachrotatable on the same. vertical pivot and each adapted to carryadvertising matter, a forward motion and a return motion beamo'scillatable on the same pivot, means to raise and lower the forwardmotion beam, the said beam being lowered on its forward motion to engageeach arm in succession and being lifted on its return motion, the saidbeam shifting each arm from an initial to a terminal position, means tooscillate the return motion arm at substantially the same time as theforward motion arm but through a greater are, a det-ent mounted on oneof the arms and adapted to allow free movement of the return motionbeam, and means connected with another arm to shift said detent intoposition to engage the return motion beam after the complete stack havebeen shifted to the terminal position and on the reverse motion of thereturn motion beam.

7. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot having aplurality of radially extending arms adapted to form a stack at aninitial and a terminal position, each arm being adapted to supportadvertising matter, a single forward and a single return motionoscillating beam mounted on the same pivot, means to oscillate saidbeams in a forward motion from the initial to the terminal position andin a reverse motion from the terminal to the initial position, means tointerengage the forward motion beam and the arms only on its forwardmotion, means mounted on the stack to disengage the return motion beamand the said stack of arms on its forward and return motion until thecomplete stack have been shifted to the terminal position, the saidmeans then interengaging the return motion beam and the stack to returnsaid stack to the initial position on the return motion of the returnmotion beam.

8. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot, aplurality of arms pivoting thereon and extending therefrom, said armsbeing adapted to form a stack and each to support advertising matter, anoscillating forward motion beam on the same pivot, means to oscillatesaid beam, means interen gaging the said beam and the forwardmost arm toshift each arm in succession from an initial toa terminal position, anoscillate ing return motion beam operating on the same pivot, a detentmounted on the forward most arm and a cam on the rearwardmost arm, saidcam and detent being operative to position the detent to interengage thereturn motion beam for the complete stack of arms located at theterminal position, the return motion of the return motion beam conveyingthe stack of arms from a terminal to an initial position.

9. A display machine comprising in combination avertical pivot shaft, aplurality of arms pivoting thereon and extending therefrom and adaptedto form a stack of arms and each adapted to carry advertising matter, asingle forward motion beam and a single return motion beam each having agear rotatable on'the same pivot shaft, a master cam with a connectionto oscillate each gear and thereby oscillate each beam, a secondary camhaving means to raise and lower the forward motion beam for moving thearms in succession from an initial to a terminal position and to freesuch beam of such arms on its return motion, and means mounted on thesaid arms and adapted to interconnect with the return motion beamonlyafter the stack of arms is located at the terminal position, the returnmotion beam being adapted to return the stack to the initial position011 its return motion;

10. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot, astack .of arms pivoted thereon to swing in a horizontal plane, a singleforward motion beam having means to engage each arm in succession andmove same from an initial to a terminal position, the said arms beingoscillated from a 1 position engaging a rear portion of each arm attheinitial to a position in front of the terminal position, a single returnmotion beam, means to oscillate said beam from a position in front ofthe initial position to a position rearwardly of the terminal positionof the said arms, and means operative after the complete stack of armshave been shifted from the initial to the terminal position tointerconnect said stack and the return motion beam to shift the stack asa unit from the terminal to the initial position.

11. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot, astack of arms pivotally mounted thereon, a forward motion beam and areturn motion beam each piv otally mounted on the said pivot, the firstbeing above the stack and the latter below the stack of arms, means tooscillate the forward motion beam and'to raise and lower said beam toengage each arm in succession and shift same from an initial to aterminal position, means to substantially simultaneously oscillate thereturn motion beam, said beam passing underneath the arms at theterminal position, and a depending means attached to one of the arms andactuated by the last arm to be moved to locate said depending means tointerengage with the returnmotion beam on its return motion to shift thestack as a whole from the terminal to the initial position.

12. A display machine as claimed in claim 11, the depending meanscomprising a weighted bell crank pivotally mounted on the first arm tobe moved from the initial to the terminal position, the last arm to bemoved having a cam to engage the bell crank and shift the same intoengaging position with the return motion beam.

13. A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot havinga stack of arms each arm having a horizontal section with a perforationtherethrough for the pivot and each arm having a vertical section with aquarter bend between said sections, aforward motion beam oscillating onthe same pivot and being shiftable vertically and having means to engagethe uppermost horizontal portion of an arm and to shift the arm engagedfrom an initial to a terminal position,and means operative after thestack of arms have been shifted to the terminal position to return suchstack to the initial position, the means to return the stack comprisinga return motion beam oscillating on the same pivot, a pivotally mounteddetent on the vertical face of the first arm to be moved, said detentbeing shiftable to allow passage of the return motion beam, and a camsecured to the last arm to be moved and shifting the detent into aposition to be engaged by the return motion beam for the return of thestack.

14- A display machine comprising in combination a vertical pivot shafthaving a stack of arms pivoted thereon to swing in the arc of a circle,a master cam, a rack bar operative thereby, an upper pinion on the pivotshaft, a forward motion beam connected to said pinion, a gear on thepivot shaft below the stack, a single return motion beam connected tosaid latter gear, the said rack operating the pinion directly and havinga gear train to operate the said gear, the forward motion beam havingmeans to shift each arm in succession from an initial to a terminalposition, and the return motion beam engaging with means on the stack toreturn the arms to the initial position.

15. A display machine comprising in combination a plurality of armspartly rotatable on a common pivot, said arms being adapted for packingin a stack, means to move each arm in succession from an initial to ater minal side of the machine by a forward stroke, said means leavingeach arm slightly horizontal section and a vertical section with aquarter turn, the arms being adapted to be formed into a stack, anoscillating forward motion beam having means to engage the horizontalportions of each arm in succession and shift these from an initial to aterminal side of the machine, said beam leaving each arm slightly spacedfrom its terminal position, and means on the said beam to engage an armformerly moved on a succeeding stroke in a forward direction and tothrust such arm to its complete terminal position.

1?. A display machine comprising in combination a plurality of pivotallymovable arms each mounted on the same pivot and being adapted to beformed into a stack and each arm adapted to support advertising matter,means to move each arm in succession in a forward stroke from an initialto a terminal position until all of the arms have been shifted to suchterminal position, a return motion means operating idly during theforward motion of each arm, and means operative after the last arm hasbeen moved to the terminal position to move the return motion means acomplete cycle from the terminal to initial positions and back, andmeans on the stack to then interengage the return motion means and thestack of arms to shift said arms to the initial position.

18. A display machine comprising in combination a common pivot having aplurality of arms mounted thereon for carrying advertising matter, asingle forward motion and asingle return motion beam pivoted on the samepivot, means to interengage the forward motion beam and each of the armsin succession to move the said arms from a stack in the initial positionto form a stack at the terminal position, means to oscillate the returnmotion beam at the same time as the forward motion beam but at greaterspeed, means operative after the last arm has been shifted to give adouble stroke to the return motion beam and means on the stack to theninterengage said beam with the stack of arms and return said arms to theinitial position.

19. A display machine comprising in combination, a pivotally mountedstack of arms,

means to move such arms one by one from an initial to a terminalposition, a pivotally mounted return motion beam with means to oscillatesaid beam in an are from in front of the initial position of the stackto behind the terminal position of the stack, and means after thecomplete stack have been moved from the initial to the terminal positionto return the stack by the return motion beam.

20. A display machine comprising in combination, a central common pivot,plurality of arms pivoted thereon and adapted to form a stack, means tomove each arm in succession from an initial to a terminal position, areturn motion beam pivoted on the same pivot with means to oscillatesaid beam from in front of the initial position to behind the terminalposition of the stack, and means operative with the said beam after thestack has been moved to the terminal position to return such stack tothe initial position.

21. A display machine comprising in combination, a plurality ofpivotally mounted arms adapted to form a stack, means to move said armsone by one from an initial to a terminal position, a return motion beamhaving a pivotal mounting, means to oscillate said beam from in front ofthe initial position to behind the terminal position of the stack, andmeans mounted on the stack and engageable by the said beam to return thestack as a unit from the terminal to the initial side of the machine.

22. A display machine as claimed in claim 21, the means mounted on thestack comprising a weighted bell crank pivoted on one of the arms of thestack, a cam on another of said arms to operate said bell crank to moveone of the arms of the same to be engaged by the return motion beam.

23. A display machine comprising in combination, a plurality ofpivotally mounted arms each having a flat horizontal section and avertical section adapted to support display cards, the said arms beingadapted to form a stack with the horizontal section superimposed, aforward shift beam pivotally mounted, with means to oscillate said beamin an 'arc and to raise and lower the beam to engage the horizontalsection of each arm in succession and to move the arms from an initialto a terminal position, a return motion beam pivotally mounted, withmeans to oscillate said beam from in front of the initial to back of theterminal position of the stack, and means mounted on the stackengageable by the return motion beam after the stack is complete at theterminal side to return such stack as a unit to the initial position ofthe machine.

24;. A display machine comprising in combination, a central common pivothaving a plurality of arms pivotally mounted thereon adapted to form astack, each arm having a horizontal section, a forward shifting beammounted on the same pivot, with means to oscillate said beam and toraise and lower said beam to move such arms from an initial to aterminal position in succession by engaging the horizontally fiatportions of each beam, said beam returning from the terminal to theinitial position, a return motion beam pivotally mounted on the samepivot, with means to oscillate said beam from in front ii U of theinitial to hack of the terminal position of the stack, means on thefirst arm moved from the initial to the terminal position adaptedtointerconnect with the returnmotion beam, said means being normally outof the path of such beam, and a cam on the last arm moved from theinitial to the terminal position to shift the said means to engage thereturn motion beam whereby such return motion beam may return the stackas a Whole from the terminal-to the initial position.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification.

THOMAS S. S. WAGNER.

